METONYMY and PROVERB

Definisi metonymy adalah sebuah kiasan dimana satu hal diganti dengan kata yang terkait erat dengannya.

Metonymies sering digunakan dalam literatur dan dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Sebuah metonymy adalah kata atau frase yang digunakan untuk berdiri di atas kata lain. Kadang-kadang sebuah metonymy dipilih karena merupakan karakteristik terkenal dari sebuah kata.

Salah satu contoh yang terkenal dari metonymy adalah pepatah, “pena lebih tajam dari pedang,” yang awalnya berasal dari drama oleh Edward Bulwer Lytton yang berjudul Richelieu. Kalimat ini memiliki dua contoh metonymy:

“pena” yang berarti “kata-kata tertulis.”

“Pedang” yang berarti “agresi militer dan kekuatan.”

 

Metonymy: Stand-Ins for Other Words

Kata yang Berfungsi sebagai Metonymy

Memahami konteks metonymy itu penting. Sebagai contoh, kata “pena” tidak selalu merujuk pada kata-kata tertulis; sering, itu hanya mengacu pada obyek fisik pena.

Contoh di bawah termasuk metonymy dan kata-kata yang mungkin akan diisi oleh metonymy:

• Crown – tempat orang kerajaan
• The White House – tempat Presiden atau orang lain yang bekerja di sana
• The suits – tempat orang-orang bisnis
• Dish – untuk seluruh sepiring makanan
• Cup – untuk cangkir
• The Pentagon – untuk merujuk kepada staf
• The restaurant – untuk merujuk kepada staf
• Ears – untuk memberikan perhatian (“Lend me your ears!”/”Pinjamkan aku telinga Anda!” Dari Mark Antony di Julius Caesar)
• Mata – untuk melihat
• The library – untuk staf atau buku-buku
• Pen – untuk kata-kata tertulis
• Sword – untuk kekuatan militer
• Silver fox – untuk pria yang lebih tua yang menarik
• Hand – untuk bantuan
• The name of a country – digunakan di bidang pemerintahan, ekonomi, dan lain-lain
• The name of a church – digunakan untuk masing-masing anggotanya
• The name of a sports team – digunakan untuk masing-masing anggotanya

Sementara contoh kata ini memberikan contoh yang baik dari apa yang dimaksud metonymy dan bagaimana fungsinya, contoh kalimat selanjutnya akan membantu untuk menjelaskan penggunaan metonymy.

Kalimat Menggunakan Metonymy

Kalimat-kalimat ini akan lebih meningkatkan apresiasi dan pemahaman kita tentang metonymies. Metonymy digaris bawahi.

We must wait to hear from the crown until we make any further decisions.

Kita harus menunggu untuk mendengar dari pihak kerajaan sampai kita membuat keputusan lebih lanjut.

The White House will be announcing the decision around noon today.

Gedung Putih akan mengumumkan keputusan sekitar siang hari ini.

If we do not fill out the forms properly, the suits will be after us shortly.

Jika kita tidak mengisi formulir dengan benar, penjaga akan langsung menegur kita.

She’s planning to serve the dish early in the evening.

Dia berencana untuk menyediakan hidangan di awal malam.

The cup is quite tasty.

Cangkir yang sangat lezat.

The Pentagon will be revealing the decision later on in the morning.

Pentagon akan mengungkapkan keputusan nanti di pagi hari.

The restaurant has been acting quite rude lately.

Restoran telah bertindak sangat kasar akhir-akhir ini.

Learn how to use your eyes properly!

Pelajari cara menggunakan mata Anda dengan benar.

The library has been very helpful to the students this morning.

Perpustakaan telah sangat membantu para siswa pagi ini.

That individual is quite the silver fox.

Individu yang cukup menarik.

Can you please give me a hand carrying this box up the stairs?

Tolong beri saya bantuan membawa kotak ini menaiki tangga?

The United States will be delivering the new product to us very soon.

Amerika Serikat akan memberikan produk baru bagi kita segera.

Saint Thomas will be coming to the soup kitchen to help out next Sunday after Mass.

Saint Thomas akan datang ke dapur umum untuk membantu Minggu berikutnya setelah Misa.

The Yankees have been throwing the ball really well, and they have been hitting better than they have been in the past few seasons.

The Yankees telah melempar bola dengan sangat baik, dan mereka telah memukul lebih baik daripada yang dilakukan beberapa musim terakhir.

Tujuan dari Metonymy

Seperti perangkat sastra lain, salah satu tujuan utama menggunakan metonymy adalah untuk menambah rasa untuk sebuah kata-kata. Menggunakan sebuah metonymy memiliki tujuan ganda – memecah setiap kecanggungan karena mengulangi kalimat yang sama berulang-ulang dan perubahan kata-kata untuk membuat kalimat lebih menarik.

PROVERB (PRIBAHASA)PROVERB atau dikenal dengan istilah pribahasa merupakan ayat atau kumpulan kata mempunyai susunan tetap, mengandung pengertian tertentu berisi saran-saran positif

 Kinds of Proverbs:1.      Aphorism (Pepatah)This proverb offers advice.Example                        : Don’t go too far in small.(Persoalan kecil jangan dibesar-besarkan).2.   Parable (Perumpamaan)That has a moral lesson and has parable.Example                       : To carry coals to New-castle.(Bagai membuang garam kelaut)3.   Slogan (Pameo)This proverb gives spirit or motivation.Example                       :1.      Early bird gets worm(Tuhan akan memberikan rezeki kepada makhluk-Nya yang lebih dulu bangun)2.      Diligence is the mistress of success.(Kerajinan pangkal kesuksesan)4.   IdiomIdiom adalah kelompok kata yang dirangkai dengan susunan tertentu dimana artinya tidak dapat ditebak dari arti kata-kata penyusunnya secara terpisah.Example :1.      Pull your sock up. (improve your behaviour)2.      You can arrange your bedroom at will. (sesuka hati)3.      Don’t mention it. (You’re welcome) 

Berikut ini adalah beberapa proverbs beserta artinya:

1. All good things come to those who wait

(If you are patient, there will be reward)

(Jika kamu bersabar, akan ada hadiah untukmu)

2. Soon learnt, soon forgotten

(Something that is easy to learn is easy to forget)

(Sesuatu yang mudah dipelajari akan mudah dilupakan)

3. Education is an ornament of prosperity and refuge in adversity

(Education is a treasure in a happy time and a place to protect in a bad time)

(pendidikan adalah harta saat bahagia dan tempat berlindung saat keadaan buruk)

4. Don’t cross your bridges before you come to them.

(Don’t worry about problems before they arrive)

(Jangan khawatir terhadap masalah sebelum mereka datang)

5. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket

(Have a backup plan! Don’t risk all of your money or time in one plan)

(Buatlah rencana cadangan, jangan memfokuskan pada sebuah rencana saja)

REFERENCE

http://www.sekolahbahasainggris.com/20-contoh-figure-of-speech-metonymy-dan-pengertiannya/

http://www.englishcafe.co.id/proverbs-dan-artinya/

http://www.pelajarelit.net/2015/04/proverb-and-riddle-pribahasa-dan-teka.html

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HOMONYM

Homograph (spelled the same)

 Homophones (pronounced the same)

Definition

Homonim berasal dari bahasa Yunani, homos yang berarti ’sejenis’ atau ’sama’ dan onuma ’nama’. Dalam ilmu bahasa, dapat diartikan sebagai kata-kata yang bentuk dan cara pelafalannya sama, tetapi memiliki makna yang berbeda.

Homonyms are words that are both spelled and pronounced the same, but have different meanings.

Seperti halnya, sinonim, antonim, dan sebagainya. Homonim mempunyai dampak dalam bahasa. Terdapat kesepakatan anatara tokoh klasik dan modern dalam menyimpulkan dampak positif dan negatif

1)     Dampak positif

a)     Hadirnya Homonim dalam bahasa menimbulkan rasa fleksibel dan elastis dalam penggunaan makna baru tanpa harus menghilangkan makna yang lama.

b)     Homonim akan menghadirkan nilai tersendiri untuk menyamarkan makna bahasa dalam unsur bahasa dan balagah.

c)      Homonim juga dapat memberikan pengaruh dalam jiwa ketika mendapat faktor majazi, karena hal ini akan memberikan unsur lebih dalam estetika sehingga dapat menjadikan orang tercengang.

d)     Menutupi kekosongan dalam kamus merupakan dampak positif yang lain, hal ini sering terjadi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari khusunya ketika dalam menggunakan bahasa Arab.

2)     Dampak negatif

Beriringan dengan datangnya dampak positif, hadir pula dampak negatif. Diantaran dampak negatif Homonim :

a)     Dalam bahasa Arab kehadiran Homonim akan menggurangi kefasihan. Seperti kurangnya ketajaman makna yang dimaksud karena pendengar tidak jelas dalam mendengar kata yang diutarakan.

b)     Kehawatiran akan terjadinya perselisihan karena adanya perpindahan makna pertama ke makna yang kedua.

c)      Sulitnya transformasi makna melalui terjemah ringkasan, dan sebaginya.

d)      Ketergantungan dengan konteks, hal ini karena konteks merupakan faktor penentu sebuah makna dalam bahasa.

reference

Chaer, Abdul. 2003. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: PT. Asdi Mahasatya.

Lihat Desertasi, Tulus Musthofa, Al Mustarok al Lafdzi dalam Al Quran…,  hlm. 116-120

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Polysemy

Polysemy is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings. A polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings. Adjective: polysemous or polysemic.
Polisemi adalah suatu kata yang mempunyai makna lebih dari satu.

Traditionally, polysemy is distinguished from homonymy.5
In polysemy, the different
senses of a single lexical item are seen as being related in some non-trivial way, whereas
in homonymy, the multiple encoding is a matter of historical accident. An example of
homonymy is the lexical form coach, which encodes the entirely unrelated meanings
‘bus’ and ‘sports instructor’. It is standard to see these as being represented as two
different lexemes(COACH1 and COACH2) in the mental lexicon.
However, drawing the distinction between related and unrelated senses of a
lexical form is often far from a straightforward matter. The question is: What does it
mean for two senses to be related? The criteria that have been suggested include
etymology and speaker intuitions about unrelatedness vs. relatedness of meaning (Lyons
1977b).

Polysemy Homonymy
Meaning1 Word -
Meaning -

Word Word form
Meaning 2 Word Meaning
Figure 1

Contoh :

Saya masih punya hubungan darah dengan keluarga Bu Rani. (darah=kesaudaraan)Tubuhnya berlumuran darah setelah kepalanya terbentur tiang listrik. (darah=yang berada dalam tubuh)

Perhatikan kata darah pada kalimat a berarti keluarga (makna konotasi), sedangkan darah pada kalimat b berarti zat merah dalam tubuh kita (makna denotasi).

CONCLUSIONS
My conclusions should have become quite clear from what I have said up to this point, so I
will only present a short summary to recapitulate my point.
Although the literature on polysemy is extremely incoherent with respect to the terminology
used and the specific methods of description employed, and is additionally also very
fragmented (i.e. the different approaches are often absolutely unaware of each other’s work), a
surprisingly coherent overall picture arises, which I believe to be only possible because the
material described strongly suggests it itself.

Reference
germ15.germ.klte.hu › honlap › whatispolysemy

grammar.about.com › polysemyterm

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hyperbole

DEFINITION

Hyperbole is the figure of figures speech in the form of a statement exaggerated the fact for the purpose give the impression of deep or call attention

A hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration used to make a point. It is like the opposite of “understatement.” It is from a Greek word meaning “excess.”

Hyperboles can be found in literature and oral communication. They would not be used in nonfiction works, like medical journals or research papers; but, they are perfect for fictional works, especially to add color to a character or humor to the story.

Hyperboles are comparisons, like similes and metaphors, but are extravagant and even ridiculous

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COLLOCATION

Definition

A collocation is a familiar grouping of words, especially words that habitually appear together and thereby convey meaning by association.

Collocational range refers to the set of items that typically accompany a word. The size of a collocational range is partially determined by a word's level of specificity and number of meanings.

The term collocation (from the Latin for "place together") was first used in its linguistic sense by British linguist John Rupert Firth (1890-1960), who famously observed, "You shall know a word by the company it keeps."

Collocations

A collocation is a combination of words that are commonly used together; the simplest way of describing collocations is to say that they ‘just sound right’ to native English speakers. Other combinations that may mean the same thing would seem ‘ unnatural’. Collocations include noun phrases like ‘ stiff wind’ and‘weapons of mass destruction’, phrasal verbs such as‘to get together’ and other stock phrases such as‘the rich and famous’

It is important to learn collocations, because they are important for the naturalisation of one’s speech. Besides, they broaden one’s scope for expression.

What is a collocation examples?

Vocabulary and Collocations. A collocation is a group of words that usually go together. For example, in English, we usually say 'heavy rain'. It's correct grammatically to say 'strong rain' or 'big rain', but both of these sound completely strange.

Here is a list of collocations to help you get started:

Collocations starting with the verb ‘do’

Do the housework
Do the shopping
Do the washing up
Do your best
Do your hair

Collocations with the verb ‘have’

Have a good time

Have a bath
Have a relationship
Have lunch
Have sympathy

Collocations with the verb ‘break’

Break the law
Break a leg
Break a promise
Break a record

Collocations with the verb ‘take’

Take a break
Take a chance
Take a look
Take a rest

Collocations with the verb ‘make’

Make a difference
Make a mess
Make trouble

Collocations with the verb ‘catch’

Catch the bus
Catch a ball
Catch the flu

Collocations with the verb ‘pay’

Pay respect
Pay a fine
Pay attention
Pay the price

Collocations with the verb ‘keep’

Keep the change

Keep a promise
Keep a secret
Keep quiet
Keep someone's place

Collocations with the verb ‘save’

Save yourself the trouble
Save electricity
Save energy

Collocations with the verb ‘go’

Go bald
Go abroad
Go astray
Go bad
Go to war

Collocations with the verb ‘come’

Come under attack
Come close
Come direct
Come early
Come first
Come to a total of

Collocations with the verb ‘get’

Get the sack
Get a life
Get a job
Get a shock
Get angry

Get upset
Get wet
Get worried

Collocations related to time

Bang on time
Dead on time
Free time
Time goes by
Time passes
Waste time

Collocations related to business English                                

Annual turnover
Keep in mind
Break off negotiations
Close a deal
Close a meeting
Come to the point
Dismiss an offer
Go into partnership
Make a profit/loss

http://www.englishleap.com/vocabulary/collocations
https://www.google.co.id/search?q=collocation+definition&biw=1366&bih=623&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju0rLR65jMAhXCq6YKHVixBtIQ_AUIBigA&dpr=1#q=collocation+definition+and+examples
http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/collocationterm.htm

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SYNONYM, ANTONYM AND HYPONYM

SYNONYMS 

Synonyms are different words which have the same meaning, or almost the same meaning.

The words stones and rocks are synonyms.

Synonyms can be nouns, verbs, adverbs or adjectives, as long as both are the same part of speech.

For example:
- chair and seat (nouns)
- go and leave (verbs)
- quickly and rapidly (adverbs)
- long and extended (adjectives)

Synonyms need not be single words, as in war and armed conflict.

Here are more synonyms:

- tremendous and remarkable
- cat and feline
- baby and infant
- sick and ill
- quickly and speedily

A word can have more than one synonym depending on which meaning you use for the word.
For example:
- expired could have the synonym no longer fresh, if you mean milk that's past its sale date.
- expired could have the synonym dead, if you mean no longer alive.

ANTONYMS 
Antonyms are words which have opposite meanings.

The words hot and cold are antonyms. So are up and down, and short and tall.

A word can have more than one antonym, depending on which meaning you use for the word.
For example:
- short could have the antonym tall if you are referring to a person's height.
- short could have the antonym long if you are referring to to the length of something.

In many languages, including English, you can sometimes make antonyms by adding a prefix:
- real and unreal are antonyms
- flexible and inflexible are antonyms
However, English is well known for its exceptions to the rules, so you have to watch out for words like flammable and inflammable, where this doesn't work ... they're synonyms!

There are actually four types of antonyms: 

• Gradable antonyms are opposites at either end of the spectrum, as in slow andfast.
• Complementary antonyms are absolute opposites, like mortal and immortal.
• Relational antonyms are opposites where one word describes a relationship between two objects, and the other word describes the same relationship when the two objects are reversed.
     For example, parent and child, teacher and student, or buy and sell.
• Auto-antonyms are the same two words that mean the opposite.
     For example, fast (moving quickly) and fast (stuck in place).

HYPONYM, also subordinate term. A WORD, PHRASE, or LEXEME of narrower or more specific meaning that comes ‘under’ another of wider or more general meaning: for example, rose under flower (‘a rose is a kind of flower’, ‘flowers include roses and tulips’). In this relationship, the word flower is a hyperonym, generic term, or superordinate term. Many hyponyms belong in groups, such as carpet, chair, desk, table, rug, stool, all of which are co-hyponyms of the hyperonym furniture (‘a carpet is an item of furniture’). Hyponymic relations are often imprecise, unstable, and multidimensional, depending on both context and how relationships are analysed. The same word may be a hyponym of several superordinates: axe as ‘kind of tool’ and ‘kind of weapon’; weapon also a hyponym of tool (‘a weapon is a kind of tool’). Battle-axe is ‘a kind of axe’ and ‘a kind of weapon’, but is unlikely to appear under axe in the SENSE of ‘a kind of tool’. Rug is in some contexts a synonym of carpet (‘The cat sat on the rug/carpet’), in others a hyponym of carpet (‘a rug is a kind of carpet’). See -ONYM, SEMANTICS.

http://www.worsleyschool.net/socialarts/synonyms/page.html
http://www.teachit.co.uk/armoore/lang/semantics.htm#14

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-HYPONYM.html

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Metaphor, simile, and symbolism

Metaphor

Metaphor Definition

Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics.

In simple English, when you portray a person, place, thing, or an action as being something else, even though it is not actually that “something else,” you are speaking metaphorically. “He is the black sheep of the family” is a metaphor because he is not a sheep and is not even black. However, we can use this comparison to describe an association of a black sheep with that person. A black sheep is an unusual animal and typically stays away from the herd, and the person you are describing shares similar characteristics.

Furthermore, a metaphor develops a comparison which is different from a simile i.e. we do not use “like” or “as” to develop a comparison in a metaphor. It actually makes an implicit or hidden comparison and not an explicit one.

Common Speech Examples of Metaphors

Most of us think of a metaphor as a device used in songs or poems only, and that it has nothing to do with our everyday life. In fact, all of us in our routine life speak, write and think in metaphors. We cannot avoid them. Metaphors are sometimes constructed through our common language. They are called conventional metaphors. Calling a person a “night owl” or an “early bird” or saying “life is a journey” are common conventional metaphor examples commonly heard and understood by most of us. Below are some more conventional metaphors we often hear in our daily life:

• My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)
• The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)
• It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships)
• The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat; therefore, this implies that the coming times are going to be hard for him.)
• Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)

Literary Metaphor Examples

Metaphors are used in all type of literature but not often to the degree they are used in poetry because poems are meant to communicate complex images and feelings to the readers and metaphors often state the comparisons most emotively. Here are some examples of metaphor from famous poems.

Example #1

“She is all states, and all princes, I.”

John Donne, a metaphysical poet, was well-known for his abundant use of metaphors throughout his poetical works. In his well-known work “The Sun Rising,” the speaker scolds the sun for waking him and his beloved. Among the most evocative metaphors in literature, he explains “she is all states, and all princes, I.” This line demonstrates the speaker’s belief that he and his beloved are richer than all states, kingdoms, and rulers in the entire world because of the love that they share.

Example #2

“Shall I Compare Thee to a summer’s Day”,

William Shakespeare was the best exponent of the use of metaphors. His poetical works and dramas all make wide-ranging use of metaphors.

“Sonnet 18,”also known as “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day,” is an extended metaphorbetween the love of the speaker and the fairness of the summer season. He writes that “thy eternal summer,” here taken to mean the love of the subject, “shall not fade.”

Example #3

“Before high-pil’d books, in charact’ry / Hold like rich garners the full-ripened grain,”

The great Romantic poet John Keats suffered great losses in his life – the death of his father in an accident, and of his mother and brother through tuberculosis.

When he began displaying signs of tuberculosis himself at the age of 22, he wrote “When I Have Fears,” a poem rich with metaphors concerning life and death. In the line “before high-pil’d books, in charact’ry / Hold like rich garners the full-ripened grain”, he employs a double-metaphor. Writing poetry is implicitly compared with reaping and sowing, and both these acts represent the emptiness of a life unfulfilled creatively.

Functions

From the above arguments, explanations and examples, we can easily infer the function of metaphors; both in our daily lives and in a piece of literature. Using appropriate metaphors appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers, sharpening their imaginations to comprehend what is being communicated to them. Moreover, it gives a life-like quality to our conversations and to the characters of the fiction or poetry. Metaphors are also ways of thinking, offering the listeners and the readers fresh ways of examining ideas and viewing the world.

Simile Definition

A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as”. Therefore, it is a direct comparison.

We can find simile examples in our daily speech. We often hear comments like “John is as slow as a snail.” Snails are notorious for their slow pace and here the slowness of John is compared to that of a snail. The use of “as” in the example helps to draw the resemblance. Some more examples of common similes are given below.

Common Examples of Simile

• Our soldiers are as brave as lions.
• Her cheeks are red like a rose.
• He is as funny as a monkey.
• The water well was as dry as a bone.
• He is as cunning as a fox.

Simile inputs vividness into what we say. Authors and poets utilize comparisons to convey their sentiments and thoughts through vivid word pictures like a simile.

Function of Simile

From the above discussion, we can infer the function of similes both in our everyday life as well as in literature. Using similes attracts the attention and appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers encouraging their imagination to comprehend what is being communicated. In addition, it inspires life-like quality in our daily talks and in the characters of fiction or poetry. Simile allows readers to relate the feelings of a writer or a poet to their personal experiences. Therefore, the use of similes makes it easier for the readers to understand the subject matter of a literary text, which may have been otherwise too demanding to be comprehended. Like metaphors, similes also offer variety in our ways of thinking and offers new perspectives of viewing the world.

Symbolism Definition

Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense.

Symbolism can take different forms. Generally, it is an object representing another to give it an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant. Sometimes, however, an action, an event or a word spoken by someone may have a symbolic value. For instance, “smile” is a symbol of friendship. Similarly, the action of someone smiling at you may stand as a symbol of the feeling of affection which that person has for you.

Symbols do shift their meanings depending on the context they are used in. “A chain”, for example, may stand for “union” as well as “imprisonment”. Thus, symbolic meaning of an object or an action is understood by when, where and how it is used. It also depends on who reads them.

Common Examples of Symbolism in Everyday Life

In our daily life, we can easily identify objects, which can be taken as examples of symbol such as the following:

• The dove is a symbol of peace.
• A red rose or red color stands for love or romance.
• Black is a symbol that represents evil or death.
• A ladder may stand as a symbol for a connection between the heaven and the earth.
• A broken mirror may symbolize separation

Symbolism Examples in Literature

To develop symbolism in his work, a writer utilizes other figures of speech, like metaphors, similes,allegory, as tools. Some symbolism examples in literature are listed below with brief analysis:

Example #1

We find symbolic value in Shakespeare’s famous monologue in his play As you Like It:

“All the world’s a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
they have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,”

The above lines are symbolic of the fact that men and women, in course of their life perform different roles. “A stage” here symbolizes the world and “players” is a symbol for human beings.

Example #4

Sara Teasdale in her poem Wild Asters develops a number of striking symbols:

“In the spring, I asked the daisies
If his words were true,
And the clever, clear-eyed daisies
Always knew.

Now the fields are brown and barren,
Bitter autumn blows,
And of all the stupid asters
Not one knows.”

In the above lines, “spring” and “daisies” are symbols of youth. “Brown and barren” are symbols oftransition from youth to old age. Moreover, “Bitter autumn” symbolizes death.

Function of Symbolism

Symbolism gives a writer freedom to add double levels of meanings to his work: a literal one that is self-evident and the symbolic one whose meaning is far more profound than the literal one. The symbolism, therefore, gives universality to the characters and the themes of a piece of literature. Symbolism in literature evokes interest in readers as they find an opportunity to get an insight of the writer’s mind on how he views the world and how he thinks of common objects and actions, having broader implications.

CONCLUSION

Metaphor
is described as "a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar."1 in other words, it describes one thing in terms of another. It is comparative, and thus goes beyond a mere descriptive adjective (e.g. the "bright moon" is not a metaphor). A metaphor describes one object as being or having the characteristics of a second object.


Examples:

1.her home was a prison
2. Life is a journey, purposes are destinations, means are routes, difficulties are obstacles, counselors are guides, achievements are landmarks and choices are crossroads.

Simile
a simile is a figure of speech consisting of a comparison using likeor as. Well-chosen similes can be used to enliven writing or as an alternative to description using adjectives.


Examples:

He was as brave as a lion in a fight.
He swam like a fish through rough waters.
Symbol
something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, especially a material object used to represent something invisible.
Examples:

la balanza es el simbolo de la justicia

THE BALANCE IS THE SYMBOL OF JUSTICE

http://literarydevices.net/simile/

http://literarydevices.net/symbolism/

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